:root { --FPHowMany: 20;--FPFormat: full;--CommentFmt: ExpAll;--FilterComments: 0;--FilterCategories: No;--cat-Front: 1;--cat-Security: 1;--cat-Kernel: 1;--cat-Distributions: 1;--cat-Briefs: 1;--cat-Development: 1;--cat-Announcements: 1;--MediaQueryColors: if-defaults;--PageBG: #ffffff;--NewLeftColBG: #eeeeee;--MidColBG: #ffffff;--HeadlineBG: #ffcc99;--FormBG: #eeeeee;--TextColor: black;--LinkColor: DarkBlue;--VLinkColor: #444;--EQTextColor: #990099;--OldCommentColor: #cccccc;--LogoColor: green;--PPNavBox: 1;--MinTextWidth: 40;--MaxTextWidth: 65;--UnreadOldParent: 0;--HandsetBP: 48;--FixedNavMenu: True;--FontFamily: inherit;--QuoteFontStyle: normal;--QuoteFontWeight: normal;--QTextColor: darkred;--QTextBG: white;--CommentTextFormat: 0;--EmailResponses: 0;--FulltreeResponses: 0;--SelfNotifications: 0;--CommentNotifyDays: 7;--TextEmailOnly: 0;--ShowAds: 1;--CalPrintable: 0;--CalWeekStart: 6;--CommentButtonDisplay: block }@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {:root {--PageBG: #000000;--NewLeftColBG: #333333;--MidColBG: #000000;--HeadlineBG: #443333;--FormBG: #333333;--TextColor: white;--LinkColor: LightBlue;--VLinkColor: #bbb;--EQTextColor: #77ff77;--OldCommentColor: #333333;--QTextColor: pink;--QTextBG: black;--LogoColor: lightgreen;--MediaQueryColors: no}}@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {:root {--PageBG: #ffffff;--NewLeftColBG: #eeeeee;--MidColBG: #ffffff;--HeadlineBG: #ffcc99;--FormBG: #eeeeee;--TextColor: black;--LinkColor: DarkBlue;--VLinkColor: #444;--EQTextColor: #990099;--OldCommentColor: #cccccc;--QTextColor: darkred;--QTextBG: white;--LogoColor: green;--MediaQueryColors: if-defaults}}body {color: var(--TextColor);background-color: var(--PageBG);padding:0px;}h1 {margin:0px 0px 5px 0px;padding:0px;color: var(--TextColor);}h2 {margin:20px 0px 5px 0px;padding:0px;}h3 {margin:0px 0px 5px 0px;padding:0px;}a { text-decoration: underline; }a.MissingPage { text-decoration: wavy underline red; }a:link {color: var(--LinkColor);}a:visited {color: var(--VLinkColor);}a:hover {color: var(--LinkColor);background-color: var(--FormBG);}a:visited:hover { color: var(--VLinkColor); }a.name { color: var(--TextColor) }a.name:link { color: var(--TextColor) }a.name:hover { color: var(--TextColor) }TABLE.HeadlineView { }TABLE.HeadlineView TD { vertical-align: top }DIV.PageHeadline { text-align: center;max-width: calc(var(--MaxTextWidth) * 1em);margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 2em; }DIV.PageHeadline H1 { margin-bottom: 0.2em; }DIV.PageHeadline H2 { margin-top: 0.2em; }H1.Cat1HL { background-color: var(--HeadlineBG);text-align: center;padding-top: 3px;padding-bottom: 5px;margin-bottom: 0.2em; }H2.Cat2HL { background-color: var(--HeadlineBG);font-weight: bold;padding-left: 3px;margin-bottom: 0.3em; }H3.Cat3HL { background-color: var(--HeadlineBG);padding-left: 3px;margin-bottom: 0.3em; }H3.SummaryHL { font-weight: bold;font-size: larger;text-decoration: underline;margin-top: 0.4em;margin-bottom: 0.4em;background: var(--NewLeftColBG); }H3.SummaryHL A:link { color: var(--TextColor) }H3.SummaryHL A:visited { color: var(--TextColor) }P.IndexPrimary A:link { color: var(--TextColor) }P.IndexPrimary A:visited { color: var(--TextColor) }P.IndexSecondary A:link { color: var(--TextColor) }P.IndexSecondary A:visited { color: var(--TextColor) }TABLE.Form TH { text-align: left }SPAN.SpellingError {  background-color: #eeeeee;color: red; }Q { font-style: var(--QuoteFontStyle); font-weight: var(--QuoteFontWeight);color: var(--QTextColor); background-color: var(--QTextBG) }Q::before { content: ""; }Q::after { content: ""; }DIV.ErrorWords  { background-color: #eeeedd;border-style: groove;padding: 3px 3px 2px 3px;margin: 1px 5px 1px 0px; }DIV.BigQuote {font-style: var(--QuoteFontStyle); font-weight: var(--QuoteFontWeight);color: var(--QTextColor); background-color: var(--QTextBG);margin-left: 1cm; margin-right: 1cm }DIV.BigQuote P {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0px; }BLOCKQUOTE.bq {font-style: var(--QuoteFontStyle);font-weight: var(--QuoteFontWeight);color: var(--QTextColor);background-color: var(--QTextBG);margin-bottom: 0px; }BLOCKQUOTE.bq P {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0px; }BLOCKQUOTE.notice { background-color: var(--FormBG);padding: 10px;}BLOCKQUOTE.ad { background-color: var(--FormBG);padding: 5px;overflow-x: hidden;}BLOCKQUOTE.ad P { margin-bottom: 0px; }H2.Headline { background-color: var(--HeadlineBG);font-weight: bold;font-size: larger;padding-left: 3px; }DIV.Byline { font-size: smaller; text-align: center }DIV.SideBox { margin: 1em 1px 1em 1px; }DIV.SideBox P { text-indent: -1em;margin: 0px 0px 1px 1em; }DIV.SideBox P.Header { font-weight: bold;text-indent: 0px;margin-left: 0px; }DETAILS.CommentBox, DETAILS.OldCommentBox {border-style: none none none solid;border-width: thin;max-width: calc(var(--MaxTextWidth) * 1em);margin-top: 1em;background-color: inherit;padding-left: 8px;}DETAILS.CommentBox > SUMMARY >  H3.CommentTitle { background-color: var(--HeadlineBG); }DETAILS.OldCommentBox > SUMMARY >  H3.CommentTitle {background-color: var(--OldCommentColor);}DETAILS.CommentBox { border-color: var(--HeadlineBG); }DETAILS.OldCommentBox { border-color: var(--OldCommentColor); }H3.CommentTitle {display: inline-block;width: 100%;padding-left: 3px;}DETAILS > SUMMARY { list-style-type: none;opacity: 0.5;cursor: zoom-in; }DETAILS[open] > SUMMARY { list-style-type: none;opacity: 1.0;cursor: zoom-out;}DETAILS > SUMMARY > .CommentTitle::before { margin-right: 4px;content: "[+]"; }DETAILS[open] > SUMMARY > .CommentTitle::before { margin-right: 4px;content: "[–]"; }DETAILS > SUMMARY > .Cat2HL::before { margin-right: 4px;content: "[+]"; }DETAILS[open] > SUMMARY > .Cat2HL::before { margin-right: 4px;content: "[–]"; }DETAILS > SUMMARY::MARKER,DETAILS > SUMMARY::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }DIV.CommentBody { padding: 0px 4px 0px 4px;background-color: inherit; }P.CommentPoster { margin-top: 0px; }div.CommentReplyButton {display: flex;justify-content: end;text-align: right;padding: 4px;}DIV.FormattedComment { }PRE.FormattedComment { font: inherit; }DIV.FormattedComment PRE { font: inherit; }.Form { background-color: var(--FormBG);padding: 3px;}TABLE.IndexEntries { background-color: var(--FormBG);padding: 3px;margin: 5px;float: right; }TABLE.IndexEntries TD:first-child { padding: 1px 5px 1px 1px; }TABLE.InvoiceItems { border: 1px solid; }TABLE.InvoiceItems TR { border: 1px solid; }A.Current { background-color: darkred; color: white }A.Other { }P.NextLink { text-align: right }SPAN.QuotedText { color: var(--EQTextColor); }SPAN.SearchMatch { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; }SPAN.Subscription { color: var(--LogoColor) }SPAN.Smaller { font-size: small; }SPAN.Bigger { font-size: large; }SPAN.ReallySmall {font-size: x-small; }TR.Even { background-color: var(--FormBG); }TR.Odd { }table.OddEven {border-collapse: separate;}table.OddEven tr:nth-child(even) {background-color: var(--MidColBG);}table.OddEven tr:nth-child(odd) {background-color: var(--FormBG);}table.OddEven th { background-color: var(--MidColBG); }table.OddEven td { padding: 3px; }thead.sticky { position: sticky; top: 0; }.s-nonexistent { background-color: red !important; }.s-withdrawn { background-color: red !important; }.s-in-progress { background-color: white !important; }.s-submitted { background-color: yellow !important; }.s-active { background-color: lightgreen !important; }P.Headlines { margin-bottom: 6px; text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em;margin-top: 0px }P.Feature { text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 2px}P.ErrorMessage { color: red; margin-left: 1cm;margin-right: 1cm; font-weight: bold;font-size: large }A.NonActive { color: red; font-weight: bold }SPAN.red { color: red; }P.IndexPrimary { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: bold; }P.IndexSecondary { margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 5mm; margin-bottom: 0px; }P.IndexEntry { text-indent: 1cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px }DIV.TextAd { width: 150px; border-style: solid;border-width: thin;margin: 0px auto 10px auto;background-color: white;color: black; }P.TextAdHeader { background-color: #419d4a;color: white;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 3px;text-align: center;font-weight: bold; }P.TextAdLink { margin: 2px }P.TextAdBody { margin: 10px 2px 2px 2px }P.TextAdFooter { border-top-style: dotted;border-top-width: thin;text-align: center;background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);margin: 2px 0px 0px 0px; }TABLE.tlnav { width: 100%; color: black; padding: 2px }TABLE.tlrw { width: 45%; float: right; background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);border-style: groove; margin: 5px; float: right }TABLE.tlr { width: 35%; float: right; background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);border-style: groove; margin: 5px; float: right }TABLE.tllw { width: 45%; float: left; background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);border-style: groove; margin: 5px }TABLE.tll { width: 35%; float: left; background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);border-style: groove; margin: 5px }P.QuoteAttr { text-align: right }DIV.tlrw { width: 45%;float: right;background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);padding: 5px;margin: 1px 0px 1px 5px; }DIV.tlr  { width: 35%;float: right;background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);padding: 5px;margin: 1px 0px 1px 5px; }DIV.tllw { width: 45%;float: left;background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);padding: 5px;margin: 1px 5px 1px 0px; }DIV.tll  { width: 35%;float: left;background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);padding: 5px;margin: 1px 5px 1px 0px; }P.tlqa { text-align: right }.spacylist LI, DD { margin-bottom: 0.5em; }UL.tighter { margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; }UL.tighter LI { margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; }P.GuestAuthor { max-width: 15em; float: right; background-color: var(--FormBG);padding: 3px;margin: 6px 0px 2px 5px; float: right }DIV.GAByline { max-width: 15em; float: right; background-color: var(--FormBG);padding: 3px;margin: 6px 0px 2px 5px; float: right; text-align: center; }DIV.GAByline P { margin: 0px; text-align: left; }DIV.GAByline P:first-child {font-weight: bold; text-align: center;margin-bottom: 3px; }DIV.GAByline HR { width: 40% }DIV.FeatureByline { max-width: 20em; float: left; background-color: var(--FormBG);margin: 2px 5px 2px 0px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-right: 25px;  padding-left: 5px; }DIV.FeatureByline HR { width: 40% }div.survey { margin-left: 1cm }div.sv_mc { margin-left: 10mm; margin-top: 0cm }SPAN.PullQuote { max-width: 30%;float: right;color: var(--TextColor);background-color: var(--FormBG);margin: 2px 0px 2px 5px;padding: 5px 2px 5px 0.5em;border-style: none none none solid;border-color: var(--HeadlineBG);font-weight: normal;font-size: larger; }SPAN.invisible { display: none; }DIV.CalM { display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(7, 1fr);}DIV.CalBox { border: 1px;border-style: groove;padding: 3px;vertical-align: middle; }DIV.CalMHeader { border: 1px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;background-color: var(--FormBG);grid-column-start: 2;grid-column-end: 7;font-size: 2em;font-weight: bold;border-style: groove;border-width: 1px;padding: 3px 0 3px 0;}P.CalCtr  { vertical-align: middle;text-align: center;margin: 0;padding: 0;display: table-cell;align-self: center;}P.CalDN { text-align: center;font-weight: bold;font-size: 1.5em;display: inline;}DIV.CalM P, DIV.CalM A { padding: 3px 0 3px 0; }DIV.CalBorder { border-width: 1px;border-style: groove;height: 100%;display: table;padding: 0 3px 0 3px;}p.CalMDate { background-color: var(--FormBG);font-size: 1.5em;border-left-style: groove;border-top-style: groove;display: inline;margin: 0;}P.CalMBottom { border-left-style: groove;border-bottom-style: groove;display: inline;height: 100%;margin: 0; }p.CalBlank { margin: 0;display: inline; }div.CalMEvent { font-size: smaller;vertical-align: middle;border-left-style: groove;display: table; }P.CalMLine { vertical-align: middle;height: 100%;margin: 0;display: table-cell;}.CalBottomBorder { border-bottom-style: groove; }.CalTopBorder { border-top-style: groove; }.CalRightBorder { border-right-style: groove; }DIV.ArticleText { margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;max-width: calc(var(--MaxTextWidth) * 1em);}DIV.widepage DIV.ArticleText {max-width: 999em !important;}DIV.Printable { }DIV.Printable DIV.ArticleText { margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px;max-width: none; }DIV.BlurbText { margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px; }SPAN.UliMath { color: var(--TextColor);font-weight: bold; }SPAN.UliInvSig { color: var(--TextColor);font-weight: bold;text-decoration: overline }DIV.promobox { float: left;background-color: #eeeedd;border-style: groove;padding: 3px 3px 0px 3px;margin: 1px 5px 1px 0px; }UL.NoBullet { list-style-type: none; }DIV.FilteredComment { display: none;background-color: var(--FormBG); }DIV.CommHdr { background-color: var(--FormBG); }DIV.ArticleText IMG.forcewhite { background-color: white; }IMG.photo {max-width: 100%;}A IMG.photo { vertical-align: middle; }img.rthumb {width: 200px;height: 250px;border-style: none;padding: 3px 0px 3px 3px;float: right;-moz-user-select: none;-webkit-user-select: none;user-select: none;}img.lthumb {width: 200px;height: 250px;border-style: none;padding: 3px 3px 3px 0px;float: left;-moz-user-select: none;-webkit-user-select: none;user-select: none;}DIV.BlurbListing {padding-left: 3px;}.comment-title {width: 98%;}.comment-body {width: 98%;}.wide-form {width: 95%;margin: 0.1em 0.5em 0.1em 0.1em;padding: 0.2em;background-color: var(--FormBG);border-radius: 0.5em;}.covered {background: var(--FormBG);color: var(--FormBG);}.covered::-moz-selection {background: var(--PageBG);color: var(--TextColor);}.covered::selection {background: var(--PageBG);color: var(--TextColor);}div.MLThread {max-height: 15em;background: var(--FormBG);overflow-y: scroll;}label.SBHelp {float: right;}label.SBHelp:after {content: "[Hide help]";}input.SBHelp { display: none; }input[type=checkbox]:checked ~ label.SBHelp:after {content: "[Show search help]";}input[type=checkbox]:checked ~ div.SBHelp {display: none;}div.AnnLine {display: flex;justify-content: space-between;}div.AnnLine span {vertical-align: top;margin: 0;padding: 2px 2px;color: var(--TextColor);}div.SummarySection div.AnnLine:nth-child(even) span {background-color: var(--FormBG);}div.SummarySection div.AnnLine:nth-child(even) {background-color: var(--FormBG);}div.SummarySection div.AnnLine:nth-child(1) span {padding-top: 0px;}span.AnnAuthor {flex: 0 0 10em;overflow-wrap: anywhere;}span.AnnSubject {flex-grow: 1;text-align: left;}span.AnnDate {text-align: right;flex-grow: 0;}div.FPBox {display: flex;flex-direction: column;}div.FPLeft {margin-right: 5px;min-width: 45%;}div.FPRight {min-width: 45%;}input, select, textarea {font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;}FONT.SpellingError {  background-color: #eeeeee }FONT.SearchItem { font-weight: bold; color: red }FONT.QuotedText { color: var(--EQTextColor) }FONT.NonActive { color: red; font-weight: bold }.pure-g > div {-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;-moz-box-sizing: border-box;box-sizing: border-box;}#menu {width: 100%;position: fixed;top: 0;left: 0;right: 0;background-color: var(--NewLeftColBG);padding: 0 0.2em 0 0.2em;overflow-y: visible;display: block;z-index: 20;height: 42px;}#menu.scrollable {position: absolute;}DIV.navmenu-container {margin-left: 0.5em;margin-top: 0.5em;min-width: 70%;border-radius: 0.8em;padding: 0.1em;display: inline-block;}ul.navmenu {list-style: none;position: relative;display: inline-table;padding: 0;margin: 0;}.navmenu li {display: inline-block;margin-right: 0.4em;}.navmenu ul {display: none;position: absolute;top: 100%;width: 15em;list-style: none;z-index: 10;background: var(--NewLeftColBG);padding-left: 0;margin-left: 0;border-style: solid;}.navmenu ul li {display: block;margin-top: 0.2em;margin-left: 0.2em;line-height: 1.4;}.navmenu ul li:first-child {margin-top: 1.2em;}.navmenu li:hover > ul {display: block;}a.navmenu { color: var(--TextColor); }.navmenu a {text-decoration: none;}.navmenu a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }.navmenu a:visited, .topnav-container a:visited { color: var(--LinkColor); }a.navmenu::after { content: " ▶"; }span.logo, span.logobl, img.logo {display: none;}img.sslogo {float: left;}div.logo {float: left;}DIV.topnav-container {margin-left: 0.5em;margin-top: 45px;margin-right: 0.5em;background: var(--NewLeftColBG);border-radius: 0.8em;padding: 0.3em;}div.flexcol {display: flex;flex-direction: column;}div.middlecolumn {flex: 5;}div.rightcol {padding-top: 5em;flex: 0 1 content;}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) {.rightcol {flex: 0;min-width: 120px;}.rightcol_wpage {display: none;}}@media screen and (min-width: 120em) {.rightcol {max-width: 400px;}.rightcol_wpage {display: inline-block;flex: 1;}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) {.header,.content {padding-left: 2em;padding-right: 2em;}div.maincolumn {padding-left: 10em;}div.flexcol {flex-direction: row;}div.adminboxes {width: 33%;}#menu {display: block;width: 9.6em;height: 100%;bottom: 0;overflow-y: visible;}#menu:hover {overflow-y: auto;}#menu.scrollable {position: fixed;}div.navmenu-container {display: block;margin-top: 120px;margin-left: 0;padding: 0;}.navmenu ul {display: block;position: static;width: 9.6em;border-style: none;top: 0;}.navmenu li {margin: 0.5em 0 0 0.1em;width: 100%;}.navmenu ul li {margin: 0.1em 0 0 0.5em;text-indent: -0.4em;padding-right: 0;width: auto;line-height: 1.2;}.navmenu ul li:first-child {margin-top: 0;}a.navmenu::after {content: "";}DIV.topnav-container {margin-left: 10.5em;margin-top: 0.5em;}img.logo {padding-right: 0.2em;display: inline;float: left;position: absolute;top: 3px;left: 3px;}span.logo {font-weight: bold;color: var(--LogoColor);display: inline;font-size: 180%;text-align: right;float: left;padding-left: 60px;font-family: sans-serif;line-height: 0.8;padding-top: 0.3em;}span.logobl {color: var(--LogoColor);display: inline;font-size: 80%;text-align: center;position: absolute;top: 85px;left: 5px;font-family: sans-serif;}img.sslogo {display: none;}div.fp-feature {padding-right: 1em;}div.FPBox {flex-direction: row;}span.AnnAuthor {flex: 0 0 15em;}}.huge-only {display: none;}@media screen and (min-width: 80em) {.huge-only {display: inline-block;}}@media print {.not-print, .navmenu-container, .handset-only {display: none !important;}#menu {position: absolute;}}@media (min-width: 48em) {.handset-only {display: inline-block;}.not-handset {display: none;}}@media (min-width: 48em) {.handset-only {display: none;}.not-handset {display: inline-block;}}DIV.SideBox {font-size: smaller;}DIV.ArticleText {padding-left: 0.5em;}H2.Headline {border-radius: 0.5em;padding-left: 6px;}DIV.BlurbListing {padding-left: 6px;}TABLE.Form TD {padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px;}TABLE {border-collapse: separate;border-spacing: 5px 0px;}TABLE.AdminBox {padding: 0;width: 98%;}TABLE.AdminBox TD {padding: 0;}PRE {white-space: pre;overflow: visible;}H3.CommentTitle {border-radius: 0 2em 2em 0;}H1.Cat1HL {border-radius: 0.5em;}H2.Cat2HL {border-radius: 0.5em;padding-left: 0.3em;margin-left: -0.3em;}H3.Cat3HL {border-radius: 0.4em;padding-left: 0.2em;margin-left: -0.2em;}DIV.CommentBox, DIV.OldCommentBox {margin-left: 0.2em;}html {font-family: inherit;font: normal;}.pure-g, .pure-g [class *= "pure-u"] {font-family: inherit;}body {font-family: var(--FontFamily), serif;}.lwn-u-1 {zoom: 1;letter-spacing: normal;word-spacing: normal;vertical-align: top;text-rendering: auto;}input {background-color: var(--PageBG);color: var(--TextColor);padding: 3px;border-radius: 0.5em;}input:focus {border-color: var(--LinkColor);}input[type="submit"] {background-color: var(--FormBG);}input[type="submit"]:hover {background-color: #ccc;}textarea {background: var(--PageBG);color: var(--TextColor);border-radius: 0.5em;padding: 3px;}textarea:focus {border-color: var(--LinkColor);}form.loginform {display: inline;}TT { white-space: nowrap; }span.nobreak { white-space: nowrap; }span.strike { text-decoration: line-through; }.align_left {padding: 3px 0px 3px 3px;float: left;}.align_right {padding: 3px 0px 3px 3px;float: right;}.valign_top {vertical-align: top;}.valign_middle {vertical-align: middle;}br.clear { clear: both; }